News & Legal Update

  Contributor: Aflah Abdurrahim, S.H. Pramudya Yudhatama, S.H., C.L.A., Aiman Akbar Nasution, S.H. Reviewer: Noverizky Tri Putra Pasaribu, S.H., L.LM. (Adv).   A. Background Perseroan Terbatas (PT) merupakan badan hukum yang berdiri sendiri dari pemilik dan pengurus perusahaan yang terpisah dari perseroan terbatas dan masih merujuk pada ketentuan tanggung jawab terbatas yang dimiliki oleh saham perseroan terbatas (limited liability) dan perusahaan merupakan sebuah entitas hukum terpisah A. Background Limited Liability Company (PT) is a legal entity that stands independently from its owners and company managers. It is separate from the limited liability company itself and adheres to the principle of limited liability inherent in the company’s shares. The company is a distinct legal entity from its directors, commissioners, and dari direktur, komisaris maupun pemegang saham (separated legal entity). Namun dalam perkembangan hukum di Indonesia, Prinsip limited liability maupun separated legal entity tidak berlaku mutlak sejak dikenal doktrin piercing the corporate veil, yang memungkinkan untuk mengabaikan pemisahan antara entitas pemegang saham, komisaris maupun direksi dengan entitas perseroan terbatas sebagai badan hukum dalam tindakan hukum tertentu. Kekebalan yang biasa dimiliki oleh pemegang saham, direksi dan komisaris karena tanggung jawabnya terbatas, dapat dibuka dan diterobos menjadi tanggung jawab tidak terbatas hingga kekayaan pribadi apabila terjadi pelanggaran, penyimpangan atau kesalahan dalam melakukan pengurusan perseroan terbatas. Di Indonesia penerapan prinsip piercing the corporate veil memang belum banyak ditemukan, namun eksistensi prinsip tersebut dapat dilihat dari beberapa kasus yang telah terjadi. Salah satu kasus yang menerapkan prinsip piercing the corporate veil dapat kita lihat dalam putusan Putusan MA No:89PK/Pdt/2010 yang menyatakan bahwa PT Effem Foods Inc (holding company) selaku pemegang saham bertanggung jawab atas perbuatan hukum PT Effem Indonesia (subsidiary company) terhadap PT Smak Snak (pihak ketiga) dan Putusan Mahkamah Agung Nomor: 863/PK/Pdt/2019 yang menyatakan bahwa PT. Bank Global Internasional Tbk beserta para organ diantaranya yaitu Direksi, Dewan Komisaris dan Pemegang Saham bertanggung jawab secara tanggung renteng untuk mengganti kerugian yang dialami para penggugat karena terbukti melakukan tindak pidana dengan menerbitkan reksadana fiktif dan memberikan informasi tidak benar yang langsung disampaikan oleh shareholders. However, in the development of law in Indonesia, the principles of limited liability and separate legal entity are not absolute due to the recognition of the doctrine of piercing the corporate veil. This doctrine allows the legal separation between shareholders, commissioners, and directors from the company as a legal entity to be disregarded in certain legal actions. The immunity typically enjoyed by shareholders, directors, and commissioners due to their limited liability can be lifted, exposing them to unlimited liability—including personal assets—when violations, deviations, or mismanagement of the company occur. In Indonesia, the application of the piercing the corporate veil principle is still rare, but its existence can be seen in several court cases. One example is Supreme Court Decision No: 89PK/Pdt/2010, which stated that PT Effem Foods Inc (holding company), as the shareholder, was held responsible for the legal actions of PT Effem Indonesia (subsidiary company) against PT Smak Snak (third party). Another example is Supreme Court Decision No: 863/PK/Pdt/2019, which ruled that PT Bank Global Internasional Tbk and its corporate organs—including Directors, Board          of          Commissioners,          and Shareholders—were jointly liable to compensate the plaintiffs for proven criminal acts such as issuing fictitious mutual funds and providing false information directly conveyed by the bank’s director. So, what happens if shareholders, commissioners, or directors are held accountable for the legal actions of a limited liability company? Shouldn’t they be legally separated? In this article, we will explore how the piercing the corporate veil doctrine Direktur Bank Global . Bagaimana jadinya jika pemegang saham, komisaris ataupun direksi harus menanggung akibat dari perbuatan hukum perseroan terbatas? Bukankah seharusnya mereka terpisah secara hukum? Dalam artikel ini, kita akan membahas bagaimana doktrin piercing the corporate veil ini berlaku di Indonesia, serta sejauh mana holding company bisa ikut bertanggung jawab terhadap perbuatan hukum yamg dilakukan anak perusahaan. B. Legal Basis Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata (“KUH Perdata”) Undang-undang Nomor 40 Tahun 2007 Tentang Perseroan Terbatas (“UU PT”) Putusan Peninjauan        Kembali Mahkamah Agung Republik Indonesia No: 89PK/Pdt/2010 (“Putusan MA 2010”) Putusan Mahkamah Agung Nomor: 863/PK/Pdt/2019 (“Putusan MA 2019”) Meskipun tidak diatur secara eksplisit dalam peraturan perundang-undangan di Indonesia, namun eksistensi doktrin piercing the corporate veil dapat ditemukan dalam peraturan perundang-undangan dan putusan pengadilan yang telah berkekuatan hukum tetap (inkrach van gewijsde) yang mana dengan kata lain adalah yurisprudensi, yaitu: UU PT  Pasal 3 UU PT: 1) “Pemegang saham Perseroan tidak bertanggung jawab secara pribadi atas perikatan yang applies in Indonesia and to what extent a holding company can be held liable for legal actions carried out by its subsidiary. B. Legal Basis Indonesia Civil Code (“Civil Code”) Law Number 40 of 2007 concerning Limited Liability Companies (“Company Law”) Judicial Review  Decision            of         the Supreme Court of the Republic of Indonesia No: 89PK/Pdt/2010 (“Supreme Court Decision 2010”) Supreme Court Decision of the Republic of Indonesia No: 863/PK/Pdt/2019 (Supreme Court Decision 2019”) Although not explicitly regulated in Indonesian legislation, the existence of the doctrine of piercing the corporate veil can be found in statutory regulations and court decisions that have permanent legal force (inkracht van gewijsde), which in other words constitute jurisprudence, namely: Company Law  Article 3 of the Company Law: “Shareholders of the Company shall not be personally liable for any commitments made on behalf dibuat atas nama Perseroan dan tidak bertanggung jawab atas kerugian Perseroan melebihi saham yang dimiliki.” “Ketentuan sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) tidak berlaku apabila: persyaratan Perseroan sebagai badan hukum belum atau tidak terpenuhi; pemegang saham yang bersangkutan baik langsung maupun tidak langsung dengan itikad buruk memanfaatkan Perseroan untuk kepentingan pribadi; pemegang saham yang bersangkutan terlibat dalam perbuatan melawan hukum yang dilakukan oleh Perseroan; atau pemegang saham yang bersangkutan baik langsung maupun tidak langsung secara melawan hukum menggunakan kekayaan Perseroan, yang mengakibatkan kekayaan Perseroan menjadi tidak cukup untuk melunasi utang Perseroan.”  Pasal 69 ayat 3 UU PT: “Dalam hal laporan keuangan yang disediakan ternyata tidak benar dan/atau menyesatkan, anggota Direksi dan anggota Dewan Komisaris secara tanggung renteng bertanggung jawab terhadap pihak yang dirugikan.”  Pasal

From : A.M Oktarina Counsellor at Law Contributors : Pramudya Yudhatama, S.H., C.L.A., Khaifa Muna Noer Uhdina, S.H., Hana Khairunisa, S.H., and Najla Zulkarnain, S.H Reviewer : Noverizky Tri Putra Pasaribu, S.H., L.L.M (Adv)   Background The current condition of Indonesia’s exports and imports shows a quite positive trend despite facing various global challenges. Sourced from the Badan Pusat Statistik ( “BPS”) “Nilai ekspor Indonesia Januari 2024 mencapai US$20,52 miliar Menurut provinsi asal barang, ekspor Indonesia terbesar pada Januari 2024 berasal dari Jawa Barat dengan nilai US$2,95 miliar (14,35 persen), diikuti Kalimantan Timur US$2,17 miliar (10,58 persen) dan Jawa Timur US$1,99 miliar (9,68 persen)” (as the link attached). In essence, export-import activities are very important for the continuity of the national economy, namely as a very reliable foreign exchange earner. Therefore, the Indonesian government always carries out various efforts to increase exports, one of which is by issuing Decree of the Minister of Industry and Trade of the Republic of Indonesia Number 130/MPP/Kep/6/1996 concerning Certificates of Origin (“SKA”), especially certificates of origin for Indonesian export goods.   B. Legal Basis Minister of Trade Regulation No. 77 of 2014 Concerning Provinsi on the Origin of Indonesian Goods/Rules of Origin of Indonesia ( Permendag No. 77 Tahun 2014) Minister of Trade Regulation No. 34 of 2023 Concerning Provinsi and Procedures for Issuing Certificates of Origin for Goods from Indonesia ( Permendag No.34 Tahun 2023) Minister of Trade Regulation No. 25 of 2018 Concerning Surat Keterangan Asal Issuing Agencies ( Permendag  No.25 Tahun 2018) Minister of Trade Regulation No. 111 of 2018 Concerning Provisions and Procedures for Making Declarations of Origin for Goods from Indonesia ( Permendag No.111 Tahun 2018)     Referring to Law Number 34 of 2023 concerning the Fourth Amendment to Regulation of the Minister of Trade Number 24 of 2018 concerning Provisions and Procedures for Issuing Certificates of Goods of Indonesian Origin Article 1 paragraph (2):     “A Certificate of Origin is a document that proves that Indonesian exported goods have complied with the Indonesian Rules of Origin, where it is stated in the certificate that the exported goods/commodities originate from the export region/country.”     SKA can only be issued by the SKA issuing agency (“IPSKA”) determined by the Minister of Trade. This is regulated in the Minister of Trade Regulation No. 25 of 2018 concerning the Issuing Agency for Certificates of Origin (SKA) and is issued through the SKA electronic system (“e- SKA”). Exporters can only apply for SKA issuance via e-SKA after obtaining access rights granted by IPSKA.     SKA includes preferential SKA and non-preferential SKA. Preferential SKA is used for Indonesian export goods to obtain a reduction or exemption from import duty tariffs:     a. by a country or group of countries based on the provisions of an agreed international agreement; or based on the unilateral determination of a country or group of export destination countries.     Meanwhile, non-preferential SKA is used for Indonesian export goods without obtaining reduction facility or exemption from import duties.       Certificates of Origin (SKA) have an important role in international trade, especially in supporting a country’s  export  activities.  SKA is  needed  to  obtain  preferential  facilities  in  the form  of reductions or exemptions from import duties to export destination countries that are members of certain trade agreements. In addition, the SKA functions as the main document that allows Indonesian export commodities to be accepted on the international market in accordance with the regulations of the destination country.     The procedure for issuing a Certificate of Origin ( “SKA” ) : The exporter submits an application to an authorized institution, such as the Trade Service or KADIN. Supporting documents such as invoices, packing lists and bills of lading must be prepared. If there is a tariff preference facility, the rules of origin of the goods must be fulfilled. SKA applications are submitted via e-SKA(https://ska.kemendag.go.id/login) or directly to the issuing office. The process takes 2-5 working days. Officers verify documents and, if necessary, conduct physical inspections. If the requirements are met, the SKA is issued in physical or digital form. Exporters include SKA in export documents to be processed by customs in the destination country.     This SKA functions as proof that the goods originate from the country agreed upon in the trade agreement, so that they can obtain tariff facilities or exemption from import duties in accordance with applicable regulations. To ensure the smooth running of this process, exporters also need to understand the SKA regulations and provisions that apply in the export destination country.     As one of the ASEAN member countries and to  increase the smoothness of exports to ASEAN member countries and adapt the rules to amendments to the Operational Certification Procedures (OCP) of the ASEAN Trade in Goods Agreement (ATIGA), Indonesia and other ASEAN countries have determined the types of goods produced or obtained as a whole in member countries which have been stipulated in number 3 of Appendix 1 of the Minister of Trade Regulation No. 32 of 2022, namely: plants and their products, animals born and raised, products from live animals, hunting and cultivation products, natural mineral materials, marine fishery products, goods from the deep sea, goods from processing vessels, used goods for recycling, production, and goods originating from the previous categories. Meanwhile, the types of goods that are not obtained or produced by member countries as a whole are specified in number 4 of Appendix 1 to Regulation of the Minister of Trade Number 32 of 2022.       Certificates of Origin (SKA) have an important role in international trade, especially in supporting a country’s  export  activities.  SKA is  needed  to  obtain  preferential  facilities  in  the form  of reductions or exemptions from import duties to export destination countries that are members of certain trade agreements. In addition, the SKA functions as the main document that allows Indonesian export commodities to be accepted on the international market in accordance with the regulations of the

Contributor: Muhammad Ardin Ardiansyah, S.H. Reviewer: Noverizky Tri Putra Pasaribu, S.H., L.LM. (Adv). Aflah Abdurrahim, S.H.   Background   Contempt of court adalah tindakan yang merendahkan, menghambat, atau mencederai kewibawaan serta integritas peradilan. Dalam sistem hukum Indonesia, konsep ini memiliki urgensi tinggi dalam menjaga supremasi hukum dan mencegah gangguan terhadap proses peradilan.   Namun, hingga kini, pengaturan contempt of court di Indonesia belum memiliki undang-undang khusus yang secara eksplisit mengaturnya, sehingga praktik penerapannya sering mengacu pada berbagai ketentuan dalam KUHAP, KUHP, UU Kekuasaan Kehakiman, dan peraturan terkait lainnya.         Artikel ini akan mengkaji konsep contempt of court, dasar hukumnya di Indonesia, serta implikasi terhadap kepastian hukum dan kewibawaan peradilan.         B. Legal Basis   Contempt of Court  belum diatur secara tegas didalam peraturan perundang- undangan     di     Indonesia.     Namun, Background     Contempt of court refers to actions that diminish, hinder, or violate the authority  and  integrity  of  the judiciary. In the Indonesian legal system, this concept plays a crucial role in maintaining the supremacy of law and preventing disruptions to legal proceedings.   However, Indonesia currently lacks a specific law that explicitly regulates contempt of court, resulting in its application often referring to various provisions in the Criminal Code (KUHP), the Code of Criminal Procedure (KUHAP), the Judicial Power Law, and other relevant regulations.         This article aims to examine the concept of contempt of court, its legal basis in Indonesia, and the implications  for  legal  certainty  and the authority of the judiciary.         Legal Basis   Contempt of court has not been explicitly regulated in Indonesian legislation. However, it is addressed   Contempt of Court diatur sebagaimana pada peraturan perundang-undangan di Indonesia, antara lain: Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (“KUHP”) Pasal 217 KUHP “Barang siapa dengan sengaja mengganggu rapat umum yang tidak terlarang, dihukum penjara selama- lamanya tiga minggu atau denda sebanyak-banyaknya sembilan ratus rupiah.”   Kitab Undang-Undang  Hukum  Acara Pidana (“KUHAP”) Pasal 218 KUHAP: 1)  Setiap orang yang hadir dalam sidang pengadilan wajib menunjukkan sikap hormat kepada pengadilan. 2)  Dalam hal seseorang yang hadir dalam sidang pengadilan bersikap tidak sesuai dengan martabat pengadilan dan tidak menaati tata tertib setelah mendapat peringatan dari hakim ketua sidang, atas perintahnya yang bersangkutan dikeluarkan dari ruang sidang. in various legal provisions, including:                   Criminal Code (“KUHP”) Article 217 KUHP: “Anyone who intentionally disturbs a public meeting that is not prohibited shall be punished with imprisonment for a maximum of three weeks or a fine not exceeding nine hundred rupiahs.” Code   of   Criminal   Procedure (“KUHAP”) Article 218 KUHAP: 1) Every  person  attending  a  court session must show respect for the court. 2) If   a   person   attending   a   court session behaves inappropriately and fails to comply with court rules after receiving a warning from the presiding judge, that person may be removed from the courtroom by order of the judge. 3) If such misconduct is classified as a criminal act, the perpetrator may       3) Dalam hal pelanggaran tata tertib tersebut termasuk suatu tindak pidana, maka pelakunya dapat dituntut.                     Peraturan Mahkamah Agung Republik   Indonesia    Nomor    5    Tahun    2020   Tentang Protokol Persidangan Dan Keamanan Dalam Lingkungan Pengadilan (“Perma 5/2020”) Pasal 6 Perma 5/2020   1) Selama          sidang          berlangsung, pengunjung sidang harus duduk dengan sopan di tempat duduk masing-masing dan        memelihara    ketertiban    dalam sidang. 2) Hakim/Ketua Majelis Hakim memimpin pemeriksaan dan memelihara tata tertib di  Persidangan. 3) Segala sesuatu yang diperintahkan oleh Hakim/Ketua Majelis Hakim untuk memelihara tata tertib di Persidangan wajib dilaksanakan dengan segera dan cermat. 4) Hakim/Ketua   Majelis   Hakim   dapat menentukan bahwa anak yang belum mencapai umur 17 (tujuh belas) tahun be prosecuted.                               Supreme Court Regulation No. 5 of   2020 on Court Protocols and Security in  Judicial  Environments  (“Perma 5/2020”)       Article 6 Perma 5/2020:   1)  During the trial, court visitors must sit properly in their designated seats and maintain order in the courtroom.     2)  Judges/Presiding Judges shall lead the    proceedings   and    maintain order in the trial. 3) All  directives  issued  by  the judge/presiding judge to maintain order in the trial must be followed promptly and diligently.     4)    The  judge/presiding  judge  may rule that individuals under 17 years of age are not allowed to attend the trial.       tidak      diperkenankan      menghadiri sidang. 5) Kehadiran        anak        sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (4) di dalam Persidangan dimungkinkan sepanjang sesuai dengan ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan. 6) Setiap  Orang  yang  hadir  di  ruang sidang yang bersikap tidak sesuai dengan martabat Pengadilan dan tidak mematuhi tata tertib, diberikan peringatan dari Hakim/Ketua Majelis Hakim. 7) Setelah         mendapat         peringatan sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (6) atas perintah Hakim/Ketua Majelis Hakim, Orang yang bersikap tidak sesuai  dengan  martabat  Pengadilan dan tidak mematuhi tata tertib dapat dikeluarkan dari ruang sidang. 8) Dalam ha! pelanggaran tata tertib yang dilakukan bersifat suatu tindak pidana, tidak mengurangi kemungkinan dilakukan penuntutan terhadap pelakunya. 9) Setiap Orang yang keluar dan masuk ruang     sidang    pada    saat    sidang berlangsung, diwajibkan memberi hormat kepada Hakim/Majelis Hakim dengan menganggukkan kepala dan/ atau mengangkat tangan.         5)    The   attendance   of   minors   as mentioned in paragraph (4) may be allowed if in accordance with legal regulations.     6)    Any    individual    attending    the courtroom who behaves inappropriately or fails to comply with court rules will be warned by the judge/presiding judge.     7)    After  receiving  such  a  warning, that individual may be ordered to leave the courtroom by the judge/presiding judge.             8)    If  the  violation  of  court  rules constitutes a criminal act, legal prosecution may still be pursued.         9)    Every person entering or leaving the courtroom during a session is required to show respect to the judge/bench by nodding or raising their hand.           Definisi   dan   Bentuk   Contempt   of court

From: A.M Oktarina Counsellors at Law Contributors: Pramudya Yudhatama, S.H., Raysha Alfira, S.H., Khaifa Muna Noer Uh’Dina, S.H., Putri Shaquila, S.H. Reviewer: Noverizky Tri Putra Pasaribu, S.H., L.L.M (Adv).   Background   The role of the Government is very important for infrastructure development in Indonesia. However, the limitations of the State Budget in financing infrastructure development cause a funding gap that must be met. Based on the 2020-2024 Medium-Term Development Plan (“RPJMN“), Indonesia’s infrastructure financing needs are identified as reaching Rp6,445 trillion, while the Government’s ability to finance infrastructure needs is predicted to be only 37% of the total funds needed, which is Rp2,385 trillion. A total of Rp1,253 trillion or 21% was allocated from State-Owned Enterprises (“SOEs“), while Rp2,706 trillion or 42% of the total funds needed were allocated from the private sector (as the attached link). To get around this, the government uses various sources of funding, one of which is a development cooperation scheme involving private parties. This scheme is known as Public-Private Partnership (“PPP“). This scheme is a form of cooperation between the public sector (government) and the private sector (private) in providing public services bound by agreements that regulate the form of cooperation and risk sharing that has been widely exemplified in Indonesia. So how do regulations in Indonesia regulate the PPP scheme?   Legal Basis Law Number 5 of 1999 concerning the Prohibition of Monopoly Practices and Unfair Business Competition. (“Law 5/1999“) Law Number 1 of 2022 concerning Financial Relations between the Central Government and Regional Governments. (“Law 1/2022“) Presidential Regulation Number 38 of 2015 concerning Government Cooperation with Business Entities in Infrastructure Provision. (“PERPRES 38/2015“)   Before diving further into the PPP mechanism, by definition PPP itself refers to Article 1 number 6 of PERPRES 38/2015 which regulates as follows: “Cooperation between Government and Business Entities, hereinafter referred to as PPP, is cooperation between the government and Business Entities in the Provision of Infrastructure for the public interest by referring to specifications that have been previously determined by the Minister/Head of Institution/Regional Head/State-Owned Enterprises/Regional-Owned Enterprises, which partially or fully use the resources of Business Entities by taking into account the risk sharing between the parties.” The purpose of PPP itself is regulated in Article 3 of PERPRES 38/2015 which reads: “PPP is carried out with the aim to: Sufficient sustainable funding needs in Infrastructure Provision through the deployment of private funds; Realizing the provision of quality, effective, efficient, targeted, and timely infrastructure; Creating an investment climate that encourages the participation of Business Entities in Infrastructure Provision based on sound business principles; Encourage the use of the principle of users paying for services received, or in certain cases considering the ability to pay users; and/or Provide certainty of return on investment of Business Entities in Infrastructure Provision through periodic payment mechanism by the government to Business Entities.” PPP has several principles, one of which is the Efficient principle, namely to cooperate with the private sector, which is regulated in Article 4 letter f of PERPRES 38/2015 which reads: “Efficient, namely cooperation in Infrastructure Provision to meet funding needs in a sustainable manner in Infrastructure Provision through private funding support.” Governments and private businesses can share risks and be accountable in purchasing power parity plans. Public infrastructure will be built by the government, while the role of private business entities is responsible for providing it and managing it within a predetermined period of time. That in PPP, the Government has a role to be the Person in Charge of Cooperation Projects (“PJPK”). In the implementation of PPP, those who act as PJPK are Ministers/Heads of Institutions/Regional Heads in accordance with the provisions in Article 6 paragraph (1) of PERPRES 38/2015. Not only the government, Article 8 of PERPRES 38/2015 stipulates that SOEs and/or Regional-Owned Enterprises (“BUMDs“) can also become PJPK, as long as they are regulated in sector laws and regulations. In infrastructure development, there are restrictions and what development projects can be done with the PPP scheme. The types of infrastructure and forms of cooperation that can be carried out with the PPP scheme are regulated in Article 5 of PERPRES 38/2015 which reads: “(1) The infrastructure that can be cooperated under this Presidential Regulation is economic infrastructure and social infrastructure. (2) Types of economic infrastructure and social infrastructure as referred to in paragraph (1) include: transport infrastructure; road infrastructure; water resources and irrigation infrastructure; drinking water infrastructure; centralized wastewater management system infrastructure; infrastructure of local wastewater management systems; waste management system infrastructure; telecommunications and informatics infrastructure; electricity infrastructure; oil and gas infrastructure and renewable energy; energy conservation infrastructure; infrastructure of urban facilities; infrastructure of educational facilities; infrastructure of sports facilities and infrastructure, as well as the arts; regional infrastructure; tourism infrastructure; health infrastructure; penitentiary infrastructure; and public housing infrastructure.   (3) PPP can be a Provision of Infrastructure which is a combination of 2 (two) or more types of infrastructure as referred to in paragraph (2). (4) In order to improve the feasibility of PPP and/or provide greater benefits to the community, PPP may include activities to provide commercial facilities. (5) Further provisions regarding other types of economic and social infrastructure shall be determined by the minister administering government affairs in the field of national development planning.” In implementing PPP, private business entities not only cooperate with the Central Government, but can also cooperate with Regional Governments. This provision is regulated in Article 167 paragraph (4) of Law 1/2022 which reads: “(4) Funding other than the Regional Budget as referred to in paragraph (2) may be in the form of cooperation with private parties, state-owned enterprises, BUMDs, and/or other Regional Governments.” Private business entities can also submit PPP Initiatives in advance to the government, in accordance with the provisions stipulated in Article 14 of PERPRES 28/2015 which reads: “(1) The Minister/Head of Institution/Regional Head initiates the Provision of Infrastructure which will be collaborated with Business Entities through the PPP scheme. (2) Exempted from the provisions in paragraph (1), a Business Entity may